Comparing future patterns of energy system change in 2 °C scenarios with historically observed rates of change     

《Global Environmental Change》2015

This paper systematically compares modeled rates of change provided by global integrated assessment models aiming for the 2 °C objective to historically observed rates of change. Such a comparison can provide insights into the difficulty of achieving such stringent climate stabilization scenarios. The analysis focuses specifically on the rates of change for technology expansion and diffusion, emissions and energy supply investments. The associated indicators vary in terms of system focus (technology-specific or energy system wide), temporal scale (timescale or lifetime), spatial scale (regional or global) and normalization (accounting for entire system growth or not). Although none of the indicators provide conclusive insights as to the achievability of scenarios, this study finds that indicators that look into absolute change remain within the range of historical growth frontiers for the next decade, but increase to unprecedented levels before mid-century. Indicators that take into account or normalize for overall system growth find future change to be broadly within historical ranges. This is particularly the case for monetary-based normalization metrics like GDP compared to energy-based normalization metrics like primary energy. By applying a diverse set of indicators alternative, complementary insights into how scenarios compare with historical observations are acquired but they do not provide further insights on the possibility of achieving rates of change that are beyond current day practice.  相似文献   

人工增雨催化区跟踪方法与效果评估指标研究   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

汪玲  刘黎平 《气象》2015,41(1):84-91

如何利用新一代天气雷达作业前后回波的变化分析人工增雨效果,对提高人工影响天气的科学性有非常重要的意义。文章基于新一代天气雷达三维拼图和最大相关系数的雷达回波跟踪方法（TREC）,在考虑多个作业影响时间和催化剂扩散背景下,实现对高炮和飞机播云作业中催化区的连续跟踪,并计算区域内的最大反射率、垂直积分液态含水量等回波参数。利用2个降水过程,选择多个跟踪区域进行连续跟踪,详细分析了回波跟踪的合理性。选择北京的一次高炮增雨作业与一次模拟飞机作业,对其催化区进行跟踪。结果表明：利用TREC算法,能够合理跟踪回波在空间的垂直位置与水平位置,较好地跟踪单点、多点作业时催化区域移动,实时跟踪飞机播云催化区的回波变化,从而为人工增雨的效果评估提供了一个有意义的参考。  相似文献   

A DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF AIR TEMPERATURE ANOMALY MODE OVER CHINA IN 2009/2010 WINTER BASED ON GENERALIZED EQUILIBRIUM FEEDBACK ASSESSMENT (GEFA) METHOD     

江志红  吴燕珠  刘征宇  温娜  赵灿 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2015,21(2):121-130

By using the observed monthly mean data over 160 stations of China and NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data, the generalized equilibrium feedback assessment(GEFA) method, combined with the methods of EOF analysis, correlation and composite analysis, is used to explore the influence of different SST modes on a wintertime air temperature pattern in which it is cold in the northeast and warm in the southwest in China. The results show that the 2009/2010 winter air temperature oscillation mode between the northern and southern part of China is closely related to the corresponding sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA) and its associated atmospheric circulation anomalies. Exhibiting warming in Northeast China and cooling in Southwest China, the mode is significantly forced by the El Nio mode and the North Atlantic SSTA mode, which have three poles. Under the influence of SSTA modes, the surface northerly flow transported cold air to North and Northeast China, resulting in low temperatures in the regions. Meanwhile, the mid-latitude westerlies intensify and the polar cold air stays in high latitudes and cannot affect the Southwest China, resulting in the warming there.  相似文献   

内蒙古地区T639气象要素预报性能评估检验     

荀学义  胡英华  张旭  斯琴  韩仲强 《气象科技》2015,43(4):647-658

通过T639模式预报产品在内蒙古地区降水量、2 m温度、相对湿度和10 m风向、风速及降水过程预报效果的适用性研究,得出以下结论,温度和相对湿度预报的准确率较风向、风速明显偏高,温度和相对湿度预报的误差系统偏小,风速预报误差偏大的概率较大;降水量的预报准确率随降水等级增加而递减,对小雨而言,模式漏报率小于空报率,多报降水的偏差和少报降水的偏差相近。在预报要素空间分布上,风向预报的偏差顺时针偏转,其夹角小于45°,温度预报偏差总体偏小,相对湿度预报偏差由西向东表现为“+、-、+、-”的分布特征;小雨和中雨落区预报偏大,暴雨落区预报偏小;贝加尔湖冷涡强度的预报偏强,西太平洋副热带高压的强度预报偏弱,影响范围偏西偏北。  相似文献   

台风“苏力”灾害风险与防御行为效益评估     

杨林  曹春荣  林秋  明章  林文华  赵珊珊 《气象与环境学报》2015,31(1):106-112

利用2013年台风“苏力”的监测资料、台风灾情资料、2000年后福建省台风灾害数据库资料和台风“苏力”灾害防御行为效益评估网络问卷调查资料,采用相似分析法的上下限区间估算法,预评估台风“苏力”造成的受灾人口和直接经济损失,并利用台风灾害风险区划方法,对台风“苏力”进行灾害风险区划。结果表明：台风“苏力”预评估结果与实际灾情相符,台风“苏力”灾害风险分布与实际灾情分布大部分一致,风险等级高的县市,实际灾情重,高风险区的大部县市直接经济损失均为1000万元以上。应用台风灾害防御行为效益评估三级指标体系,通过调查统计分析可知,指标体系中的各级各项指数均能较好地反映和评估政府主导、部门联动和公众参与的防御行为效益,政府主导在各类减灾行为中作用最大。  相似文献   

中国区域逐日融合降水数据集与国际降水产品的对比评估   总被引：12，自引：3，他引：9  

宇婧婧  沈艳  潘旸  熊安元 《气象学报》2015,73(2):394-410

中国国家气象信息中心基于2400多个国家级台站观测日降水量和CMORPH卫星反演降水产品,采用概率密度匹配和最优插值相结合的两步数据融合方法,研制了中国区域1998年以来的0.25°×0.25°分辨率的逐日融合降水产品(CMPA_Daily)。通过该数据集与广泛应用于中国天气气候领域的两种国际上降水融合产品TRMM 3B42(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, 3B42)和GPCP(Global Precipitation Climatology Project, 1 degree daily)的对比评估,考察CMPA_Daily产品的质量,评价其能否合理体现中国降水的天气气候特征。首先利用2008—2010年5—9月独立检验数据定量对比了CMPA_Daily、TRMM 3B42和GPCP 三种降水产品的误差,结果表明,在误差的时间变化和空间分布上,CMPA_Daily均具有最高的相关系数和最小的平均偏差及均方根误差,TRMM 3B42其次,GPCP的误差相对较大。CMPA_Daily只低估了大暴雨,TRMM 3B42低估了大雨以上量级的降水,而GPCP低估了除小雨以外的所有降水。CMPA_Daily产品因融入了更多的站点观测信息,不论在中国东部沿海,还是中西部地形复杂区,其精度均优于TRMM 3B42和GPCP产品,即使在站点稀疏的青藏高原地区,CMPA_Daily降水量也更加接近站点观测,呈现明显的高相关。CMPA_Daily与独立检验数据的高相关在地形起伏时效果也较稳定,TRMM和GPCP的相关系数则随着地形变化幅度陡变而非常明显地降低。进一步通过对比分析各降水产品1998—2012年的气候平均降水特征表明,3种资料对中国区域气候平均降水量、降水强度、频率分布以及年际变化的总体描述基本一致,因有效融入了更多的中国站点观测信息,不论降水空间分布还是降水量,CMPA_Daily与地面观测均最为接近,在中国的中东部大部分地区对降水的估计精度明显更高,而在站点分布较稀疏的青藏高原地区,CMPA_Daily的降水分布型与TRMM、GPCP卫星融合资料类似,较地面站点插值产品更能体现出合理的降水分布。对中国强降水事件监测对比表明,CMPA_Daily产品可以更加准确地描述降水的强度变化,细致刻画降水空间分布,在把握降水小尺度特征上具有明显的优势,体现出高分辨率、高精度降水产品的特点。  相似文献   

An assessment of the predictability of the East Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet based on TIGGE data   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Baiquan Zhou  Ruoyun Niu  Panmao Zhai 《大气科学进展》2015,32(3):401-412

The predictability of the position, spatial coverage and intensity of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet(EASWJ) in the summers of 2010 to 2012 was examined for ensemble prediction systems(EPSs) from four representative TIGGE centers,including the ECMWF, the NCEP, the CMA, and the JMA. Results showed that each EPS predicted all EASWJ properties well, while the levels of skill of all EPSs declined as the lead time extended. Overall, improvements from the control to the ensemble mean forecasts for predicting the EASWJ were apparent. For the deterministic forecasts of all EPSs, the prediction of the average axis was better than the prediction of the spatial coverage and intensity of the EASWJ. ECMWF performed best, with a lead of approximately 0.5–1 day in predictability over the second-best EPS for all EASWJ properties throughout the forecast range. For probabilistic forecasts, differences in skills among the different EPSs were more evident in the earlier part of the forecast for the EASWJ axis and spatial coverage, while they departed obviously throughout the forecast range for the intensity. ECMWF led JMA by about 0.5–1 day for the EASWJ axis, and by about 1–2 days for the spatial coverage and intensity at almost all lead times. The largest lead of ECMWF over the relatively worse EPSs, such as NCEP and CMA, was approximately 3–4 days for all EASWJ properties. In summary, ECMWF showed the highest level of skill for predicting the EASWJ, followed by JMA.  相似文献   

利用InSAR技术获取高寒高海拔地区高精度DEM   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

杜青松  李国玉  彭万林  周宇  柴明堂  李金明 《测绘通报》2021,(3):44-49

本文以Sentinel-1A SLC数据为原始影像,利用InSAR技术获取新疆西天山中部高寒高海拔地区小区域DEM,将获得的DEM与常用的SRTM v4 DEM和GDEMDEM进行对比分析。结果表明：利用InSAR技术处理Sentlnel-1A SLC数据可以获得分辨率为15 m的高精度DEM,该DEM数据精度优于SRTM v4 DEM和GDEMDEM,能更好地描绘地表地形细节,可作为输入数据获取地面高精度形变信息,为工程建设和地质灾害评价提供重要的基础数据。此外,该方法对DEM数据的更新也具有重大意义。  相似文献   

层次分析-熵值定权法应用于山区城镇地质灾害易发性评价   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

祁于娜  王磊 《测绘通报》2021,(6):112-116

我国西南山区很多城镇面临着崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害的威胁,开展山区城镇地质灾害易发性评价研究具有重要意义。本文对重庆市武隆区羊角场镇进行了地质灾害易发性评价研究,在确定区域易发性评价因子的基础上,综合层次分析法和熵权法两种方法确定评价因子的权重,最后采用易发性指数并基于ArcGIS对研究区进行易发性评价和区划。易发性分区结果与已有的地质灾害分布有较好的对应关系。采用的组合赋权法先用层次分析法确定主观权重,然后又结合熵值法对权重进行修正,在一定程度上减少了主观影响,对地质灾害易发性的量化更加准确与合理。本文的研究思路可为山区城镇地质灾害的风险评估和防治提供参考。  相似文献   

北斗三号全球导航卫星系统全球广播电离层延迟修正模型(BDGIM)应用性能评估     

袁运斌  李敏  霍星亮  李子申  王宁波 《测绘学报》2021,50(4):436-447

2020年6月23日,我国北斗三号全球导航卫星系统正式完成星座全球组网。北斗三号全球导航卫星系统采用新一代全球广播电离层延迟修正模型(BDGIM),为用户提供电离层延迟改正服务。本文利用高精度全球电离层格网(GIM)以及实测BDS/GPS数据提供的电离层TEC作为参考,从延迟改正精度及北斗单频伪距单点定位应用、模型系数性能等方面,对北斗三号系统组网前后(2020年5月1日至2020年7月20日)BDGIM模型的改正精度等应用性能进行了分析与研究,并将其与美国GPS播发的Klobuchar模型和北斗二号卫星导航系统播发的BDS Klobuchar模型进行对比。研究表明,BDGIM模型在对北斗三号系统组网完成前后电离层延迟修正精度没有发生显著变化。上述时段内,以国际GNSS服务(IGS)发布的最终GIM产品为参考,BDGIM模型在中国区域、亚太地区和全球范围内的电离层修正百分比分别达到84.45%、74.74%和64.57%;以选取的全球83个GNSS检测站BDS、GPS双频数据实测电离层TEC为参考,BDGIM在中国区域、亚太地区和全球范围内的电离层修正百分比分别为73.12%、70.18%及68.06%;当BDGIM模型应用于北斗单频伪距单点定位时,在中国区域、亚太地区和全球范围内分别实现了2.22、2.66和2.96 m的三维定位精度。  相似文献